Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely implemented in membrane bioreactors (MBRs) due to their excellent mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and hydrophobicity. This study analyzes the efficiency of PVDF membranes in an MBR system by evaluating key parameters such as transme

Hollow fiber membranes have emerged as a promising technology in membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems due to their distinct structural properties. These fibers, characterized by a porous hollow core and a solid outer layer, provide a large surface area for biofilmgrowth and effective separation of c